A systematic review of Leptospira in water and soil environments.

BackgroundLeptospirosis, caused by pathogenic Leptospira, is a zoonosis of global distribution.This infectious disease is mainly transmitted by indirect exposure to urine of asymptomatic animals via the environment.As human cases generally occur after heavy rain, an emerging hypothesis suggests that rainfall re-suspend leptospires together with soi

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Comprehensive Transcriptional Changes in the Liver of Kanglang White Minnow (Anabarilius grahami) in Response to the Infection of Parasite Ichthyophthirius multifiliis

The notorious parasite Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Ich) has been recorded worldwide in fish species and causes white spot disease, posing major threats and resulting in severe losses to international fish production.Extensively effective strategies for treating Ich are not available yet, and genetic mechanisms of hosts in response to the parasite

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